Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system (normally responsible for fighting infections) mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. This misdirected response can cause inflammation, pain, fatigue, and damage to organs or entire systems. More than 80 autoimmune conditions have been identified by medical professionals, but some are far more common and better understood than others. While autoimmune diseases cannot currently be permanently “cured,” many of these conditions are highly manageable with medications, lifestyle adjustments, and early diagnosis.
Gastrointestinal Autoimmune Diseases
Celiac Disease
Celiac Disease is unique from many of the other autoimmune conditions we have covered in this series thus far, as it is triggered by a substance foreign to the body.
Gluten is a protein complex derived from grains such as barley, rye, and wheat. It forms an elastic network that traps gas and helps create the rise, texture, and volume of many baked goods. For individuals with celiac disease, gluten is the primary trigger for immune-related intestinal damage.
In people with celiac disease, consuming gluten triggers an immune response once it reaches the small intestine. This response can damage the intestinal lining, reducing or preventing the body’s ability to properly absorb essential nutrients.
Common symptoms associated with this type of intestinal damage include bloating, diarrhea, fatigue, nutrient deficiencies, and anemia.
There is currently no cure for celiac disease, nor are there medications designed to fully suppress the immune response. However, following a strict gluten-free diet can help manage symptoms and allow the intestines to heal over time.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of chronic conditions that cause ongoing inflammation in the digestive tract. The two primary types are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, while ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and rectum. IBD is considered an autoimmune-related condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the gut.
Symptoms of IBD vary depending on the condition and individual but often include persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. Many individuals may also experience blood or mucus in their stool, reduced appetite, and an urgent need for bowel movements. During flare-ups, symptoms can become severe, while periods of remission may bring little to no symptoms.
Treatment for IBD focuses on reducing inflammation, managing symptoms, and preventing flare-ups and complications. Medications may include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune-suppressing agents, biologic therapies, and newer targeted treatments. Lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and stress management can also play a significant role. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove damaged portions of the digestive tract.
Skin-Focused Autoimmune Diseases
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that primarily affects the skin. It causes the immune system to accelerate the life cycle of skin cells, leading to a buildup of inflamed, scaly patches on the surface of the skin. Psoriasis is not contagious and can range from mild to severe. Although it primarily affects the skin, it is a systemic disease and may be associated with other conditions such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.
Symptoms vary based on the type and severity of psoriasis. The most common form, plaque psoriasis, causes raised red patches covered with silvery-white scales, often appearing on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. Other symptoms may include itching, burning, soreness, cracked skin that may bleed, and changes to the nails. Some individuals also experience joint pain and stiffness, which may indicate psoriatic arthritis.
Treatment for psoriasis aims to slow skin cell growth, reduce inflammation, and relieve symptoms. Options may include topical medications, phototherapy, and systemic treatments such as oral medications or biologic therapies. Lifestyle strategies such as stress management, trigger avoidance, and maintaining healthy skin care routines can also help reduce flare-ups.
Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a long-term autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing skin pigment. As these cells are damaged or destroyed, patches of skin lose their colour and appear lighter than the surrounding skin. Vitiligo can affect people of all ages and skin tones and is characterized by an unpredictable course.
The most common symptom of vitiligo is the development of smooth, depigmented patches of skin, often appearing on the hands, face, arms, feet, or around body openings. Hair in affected areas may turn white or gray, and some individuals experience pigment loss inside the mouth or nose. While vitiligo does not typically cause physical discomfort, its visible nature can have a significant emotional and psychological impact.
Treatment for vitiligo focuses on restoring skin colour where possible, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life. Options may include topical therapies, light-based treatments such as narrowband UVB, and newer immune-modulating medications. Sun protection, cosmetic camouflage, and psychological support are also important components of comprehensive care.
Stay tuned for Part 4 of our ongoing autoimmune disease series, which will explore neurological and blood-related autoimmune conditions.
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